Narration
Any statement of any user is known as narration.
Example:-
She said, “He wants this bat.”
Jalal said,
“I eat a mango.”
There are
two types of narration.
1. Direct Narration/Speech
2. Indirect Narration/Speech
Direct Speech: Any statement of any user is said as it, is
called direct speech.
Example:-
Ram said, “I am waiting.”
She says, “He will dance.”
Jawed said, “I can do this.”
Indirect Speech: Any statement of any user is not said as
it, is called indirect speech.
Example:-
Ram said that he was waiting.
She says that he will dance.
Jawed said me that he could do that.
Reporting Sentence/Speech: The sentence
which not inside the inverted comma is called reporting sentence.
Example:-
Ram said, “I am busy.”
He said, “I have gone to Patna.”
Reported Sentence/Speech: The
sentence which is inside the inverted comma is called reported sentence.Example:-
Ram said, “I am busy.”
He said, “I have gone to Darbhanga.”
He Said to
me, “I play cricket.”
General
Rules
There are three types of general rules.
1. Change of
Person
2. Change of
Tense
3. Change of
Other Parts of Speech
Change of
Person
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
S |
O |
N |
1= 1st person S=
Subject
2= 2nd person O=
Object
3= 3rd person N=
No change
1stperson
changes according to Subject.
Example:-
He said, “I am busy.”
He said that he was busy.
2ndPerson changes according to object.
Example:-
He said to me, “You are a good student.”
He told me that I was a good student.
3rdpersondoes not change.
Example:-
Ram said, “He will play cricket.”
Ram said that he would play cricket.
Change of
tense
Rule 1. If the reporting verb is in past, tense of the reported
speech will be also changed into past.
Example:-
Direct-He said, “I am unwell.”
Indirect-He said that he was unwell.
Rule 2. If the reporting verb is either in present or in future,
tense of the reported speech is not changed.
Example:-
Direct-He says. “My brother is writing a letter.”
Indirect-He says that his brother is writing a letter.
|
Direct Narration |
Indirect Narration |
|
Is/am/are |
Was/were |
|
Was/were |
Had been |
|
Has/have |
had |
|
had |
had |
|
V1/v5 |
V2 |
|
V2 |
Had v3 |
|
can |
could |
|
may |
might |
|
Shall/will |
would |
Change of
Other Parts of Speech
If the reporting verb in the
past tense, the verb of the reported speech is not only changed but also
other words of the reported speech are changed.
Direct- Zaid said, “I sang a song yesterday.”
Indirect- Zaid said that he had sung a song the previous day.
Remember
this
|
Direct
Speech |
Indirect
Speech |
|
This |
That |
|
These |
Those |
|
Now |
Then |
|
Ago Here |
Before There |
|
Tonight |
That night |
|
Today |
That day |
|
Tomorrow |
The next
day |
|
Yesterday |
The
previous day |
|
Next week |
The
following week |
|
Next day |
The
following day |
|
Day after
tomorrow |
Two days
after |
|
Day before
yesterday |
Two days
ago |
|
Last night |
The
previous day |
|
Hence |
Thence |
|
Thus |
So |
|
We |
They |
Special
Rules
1. Assertive
Sentence
2. Interrogative
Sentence
3. Imperative
Sentence
4. Optative
Sentence
5. Exclamatory
Sentence
Assertive Sentence
Rules
i.
Say-say
say to-tell
says-says
says to-tells
said-said
said to-told
ii.
‘That’
is used at the place of inverted comma (“…..”).
Example:-
Direct- I say, “He will dance.”
Indirect-I say that he will dance.
Direct- Taiba says, “I read.”
Indirect-Taiba says that she reads.
Direct- I say to him, “I play cricket.”
Indirect- I tell him that I play cricket.
Direct- Isha says to Khusboo, “Ram plays.”
Indirect- Isha tells Khusboo that Ram plays.
Direct- He said, “I go to Patna.”
Indirect-He said that he went to Patna.
Direct-My mother said to me, “I am cooking food.”
Indirect- My mother told me that she was cooking food.
Interrogative
Sentence
There are two types of Interrogative Sentence.
I.
Yes-No Question
II.
Wh-Question
Yes-No
Question
Rules
a). Say/say to-ask
says/says to-asks
said/said to- asked
b). ‘If’ or ‘whether’ is used at the place of inverted comma.
c). Question sentence is changed into assertive sentence.
Example:-
Direct- Radha said to me, “Is it raining?”
Indirect- Radha asked me if it was raining.
Direct- Neeraj said to me, “Are you ill?”
Indirect- Neeraj asked me if I was ill.
Direct- They said to me, “Can you do this work?”
Indirect- They asked me whether I could do that work.
Direct- She said to me, “Does he Love me?”
Indirect- She asked me if he loved me.
Wh-Question
Rules
(a)Say/say-ask
says/says to-asks
said/said to-asked Question sentence changes into assertive sentence.
(b)Wh word is used instead of inverted comma.
(c) Question Sentence is change into assertive sentence.
Example:-
Direct- Gautam said to Rahul, “What have you eaten?”
Indirect- Gautam asked Rahul what I had eaten.
Direct- Taiba asked, “Where is he going?”
Indirect- Taiba asked where he was going.
Direct- Diwakar says, “When will he come?”
Indirect- Diwakar says when he will come.
Imperative
Sentence
There are three types of imperative sentence.
1. Order
2. Request
3. Advice
Order
Rules for order
a) Said/said
to-ordered.
b) ‘To’ is used
at the place of inverted comma.
Example:-
Direct- He said, “Bring a glass of water.”
Indirect-He ordered to bring a glass of water.
Direct- My father said to me, “Switch off the fan.”
Indirect- My father ordered to switch off the fan.
Request
Rules for request
a) Said/said
to-requested.
b) ‘To’ is used
at the place of inverted comma.
c) Please/kindly
is removed.
Example:-
Direct- Karn said, “Please help me.”
Indirect- Karn requested to help him.
Direct- Pallavi said to Anjali, “Please sing a
song.”
Indirect- Pallavi requested Anjali to sing a song.
Advice
Rules for advice
a) Said/said
to-advised.
b) ‘To’ is used
at the place of inverted comma.
Example:-
Direct- The doctor said to me, “Take medicine in time.”
Indirect- The doctor advised me to take medicine in time.
Direct- Azra said to Sadia, “Help the poor.”
Indirect- Azra advised Sadia to help the poor.
Negative
Imperative
‘Not to’ is used at the place of inverted comma when reported
speech is in negative sentence.
Example:-
Direct- The teacher said, “Don’t make a noise.”
Indirect- The teacher ordered not to make noise.
Direct- Neeraj said to Vikash, “Don’t go out.”
Indirect- Neeraj advised Vikash not to go out.
Optative
Sentence
Rules
(a)
Said/said to- wished/blessed/cursed/prayed
(b)
That is used instead of inverted comma.
(c)
Optative sentence is changed into assertive
sentence
Exclamation
Rules for exclamation
a) Said/said to-exclaimed
with joy/sorrow/contempt
Example:-
|
Direct
Speech |
Indirect
Speech |
|
Hurrah!
Ah! Aha! |
Exclaimed
with joy |
|
Alas! |
Exclaimed
with sorrow |
|
Fie! Fie! |
Exclaimed
with contempt |
b). ‘That’ is used at the place of inverted comma.
d). Oh! Alas! Hurrah! etc. are removed in indirect speech.
Example:-
Direct- She said, “What a beautiful place it is!”
Indirect- She exclaimed with joy that it was very beautiful place.
Direct- Kajal said’ “What an idea!”
Indirect- Kajal exclaimed with joy that it was an extraordinary idea.
Direct- They said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”
Indirect- They exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
Direct- Reshmi said, “Alas! He is no more.”
Indirect- Reshmi exclaimed with sorrow that he was no more.
Direct- Zaid said, “What beautiful girl she is!”
Indirect- Zaid exclaimed with joy that she was very beautiful girl.
Type-II
(a)
Said/said-exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise
(b)
That is used instead of inverted comma
(c)
What/how is removed
Example:
He said, “What a flower it is!”
He exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful flower.
Exercise
i.
He said, “He went to Patna.”
ii.
I said to him, “What is your name?”
iii.
He said, “I am busy.”
iv.
She said, “I am going.”
v.
Tom said to me, “I will give you a pen.”
vi.
He said, “He works hard.”
vii.
They said, “We are going to study.”
viii.
She said, “I am happy.”
ix.
Mohan said to me, “You are intelligent.”
x.
We said to them, “He will help Gupta.”
xi.
He says, “I go to Delhi.”
xii.
She says, “He plays tennis.”
xiii.
He said, “I want to read.”
xiv.
She said to me, “Where are you going?”
xv.
He said to me, “Are you a doctor?”
xvi.
The girl said, “He gave me a pen.”
xvii.
The teacher says to me, “If you work hard,
you will pass.”
xviii.
Ali said to me, “Where had you gone
yesterday?”
xix.
She asked me, “What do you want?”
xx.
He said to me, “Are you coming?”
xxi.
She said, “Did he come from America?”
xxii.
She said, “They can’t solve this problem.”
xxiii.
He said, “Please give me a book.”
xxiv.
He said, “I love this town.”
xxv.
They said to me, “Do you like watching
match?”
xxvi.
He said to me, “Be active.”
xxvii.
She said to mother, “I have done this”
xxviii.
She said to me, “What have you decided to
do.”
xxix.
He said to me, “Will you be there tomorrow?”
xxx.
My mother said to me, Consult a doctor.”
xxxi.
The old man said to me, “Please help me.”
xxxii.
The teacher said to him, “Love your parents,”
xxxiii.
The teacher said, “Work hard.”
xxxiv.
The teacher said, “Stars twinkle in the sky.”
xxxv.
The doctor said to the patient, “Quit
smoking.”
xxxvi.
The officer said to the clerk, “Do it
immediately.”
xxxvii.
He said, “Bring a glass of water.”
xxxviii.
He said, “How fast he runs!”
xxxix.
She said, “What a lovely flower it is!”
xl.
He said, “Two and two makes four.”
